This mini-review addresses the critical problem of significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the global construction industry, which accounts for 37% of energy-related carbon emissions.

A hybrid methodology may offer the optimal balance between accuracy and practicality in Scope 3 emissions reporting.

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices have gained immense popularity as a framework for promoting corporate sustainability However, this mini-review uncovers the stark contrast between the theoretical aspirations of ESG and its practical applications, revealing a widespread reliance on superficial compliance over substantive change.